Factors affecting women working in the pharmaceutical sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Introduction Thanks to its considerable oil resources, Saudi Arabia has evolved from a relatively poor country to become the world’s dominant oil producer and one of the wealthiest regions in the Middle East. There is international pressure on the rulers to embrace political and social reforms, including enhancing the participation of women within the national workforce. Research Background Interesting findings about working women in adjacent Jordan have been generated by the country’s National Centre for Human Resource Development, which has carried out research into the experience of women workers in the private sector, namely in the Communications, Internet and Pharmaceuticals industries. This research was prompted because of recognition that â€Å"women’s participation in the Jordanian labour market is growing and the fact that women’s participation is often hindered by social perceptions, practices and sometimes legislation† (Peebles, Darwazeh, Ghosheh and Sabbah, 2007). Given the size and scale of Jordan (population approximately 6.5 million) compared with Saudi Arabia (population approximately 27.1 million), it seems likely that some of these hindrances will also apply to Saudi Arabia. The pharmaceuticals industry in Saudi Arabia is the richest in the Gulf region[1] and among the largest of all those in the Middle East: â€Å"Saudi Arabia represents 65%, or $1.7 billion of the pharmaceutical market in the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)[2], which is currently valued at $2.7 billion per year[3]† (Issa, Al-Ammar and Mostafa, 2009). Proposal The research proposal is to examine the factors affecting women working in the pharmaceuticals industry, with particular reference to perceived advantages and barriers. It is anticipated that the issues arising will include those touching on human rights, equal opportunities and discrimination; religion and education; legislation, including family law; cultural norms; and also resistance to radical change within the community of Saudi Arabian females. Academic Literature Academic treatises on women in Muslim cultures include a synopsis of literature reviews produced by the Library of Congress (Offenhauer, 2005), which includes chapters on women’s roles in the productive economy as well as in the domestic setting. Maryland University’s Professor in the Department of Business and Executive Programs, Dr. Dorothy Minkus-McKenna, researched entrepreneurship among Saudi Arabian women albeit on an exploratory basis and without the benefit of statistical data, and noted the different ways in which ‘success’ is measured and valued. This provides useful background information about women’s perceptions of their role in the workplace. In a further look at entrepreneurship, another study (Sadi and Al-Ghazali, 2009) sought to establish what motivated women entrepreneurs and pinpointed barriers as being a lack of co-ordination and governmental support; limited competition due to market domination; a dearth of market studies; poor support from the internal community and the general restrictions imposed by society. Whilst limited, the available literature serves to confirm that women in Saudi Arabia struggle to establish themselves in the workplace on an equal footing with men. Overall Aim and Objectives The aim of the research is to identify the key factors that act as obstacles to women working in the pharmaceuticals sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To achieve this, the focus of the research will be on the pharmaceuticals company, Saudi Pharmaceutical Industries[4], one of the largest research-driven companies producing veterinary, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals products in KSA. The objectives of the research will be to establish: Whether societal and cultural norms in KSA act against women making progress in the workplace. Whether the impact of legislation relating to the workplace has an adverse affect on women. Whether childcare responsibilities interfere with women’s progress in their working lives. Whether financial pressures, and related issues, have a bearing on working women. In relation to the pharmaceuticals sector: Whether there are perceptions that some jobs are more appropriate for women than others. Whether gender bias, marital status, personal appearance and religious discrimination have a bearing on recruitment techniques and practices. Whether there are perceived or real barriers to women achieving management positions. Research Methodology and Methods A number of methods will be used in order to achieve the objectives. Secondary research will establish the required information on cultural and societal norms, and legislation. Primary research will provide the quantitative and qualitative information pertaining to women in the workplace. Participants will be invited to complete a questionnaire without disclosing their name. In this way their anonymity will be protected and it should ensure that they are able to be open and honest about their workplace experiences without any fear of reprisal. Online questionnaires will enable participants with access to a computer to respond relatively quickly and easily, however paper questionnaires can also be issued if this is deemed more suitable for certain members of the sample population. Primary Research A questionnaire designed to elicit the required information will be prepared for workers at the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA). The Authority was established on 10th March 2033 and is charged with ensuring that drugs and foodstuffs manufactured for consumption by humans and animals are safe; this includes chemical and biological substances and also medical equipment. SFDA has been chosen because it has a relationship at some level with all the pharmaceuticals companies in Saudi Arabia, and it also sets the standards and regulations as to how they operate. Questionnaire 1: The survey will include a sample of both male and female workers at SFDA, based on the demographic of people of working age in Saudi Arabia. Current estimates indicate that the ratio of males to females aged 15–64 years is approximately 5:4, however it is not known exactly how many female workers are currently employed at SFDA. Ideally, a sample of 180 employees would include 100 men and 80 women. The questionnaire will ask workers about their educational background prior to employment, to provide information on their current position at SFDA. Data will be gathered on their responsibilities in the workplace, and also those outside work relating to childcare and care of any other dependants. Questions about the impact the job makes on their financial situation will be included. Finally, the questionnaire will seek to establish the career plans of participants and their experiences of training and promotion. Questionnaire 2: Directed at Human Resources (HR) personnel, this questionnaire will ask about participants’ interview techniques when recruiting staff, including the extent to which personal questions about an applicant’s marital status, social status, place of residency and childbearing plans are discussed. Peebles, Darwazeh, Ghosheh and Sabbah (2007) found it was common practice among HR professionals in Jordan to ask personal questions at job interviews, which the staff justified on the basis that this was a way of obtaining information about the character of an applicant, and of determining their suitability for work-related travel or overtime. The questionnaire will ask about the types of jobs, and the opportunities for training and promotion, that are available to men and women, with the intention of determining whether these are on an equal footing. Qualitative information on the perceived commitment levels of female and male employees will also be sought. Other Methods Data collection could also be achieved via a longitudinal study, that is where the researcher spends a considerable period of time embedded in the organisation in order to observe interrelationships and company operations on a day-to-day basis. Structured or semi-structured interviews could be conducted with workers and HR personnel as an alternative to a survey. One or more focus groups could be convened to discuss the findings of the survey, in order to provide enhanced qualitative information. These methods have been considered and rejected as they are either too time-consuming and impracticable. Secondary Research Reports and articles by other researchers concerned with female workers in the Middle East and their work experiences in pharmaceuticals companies will be studied to obtain an overview of the sector and the key issues relating to women workers. Very basic statistical information about SFDA is also available on LinkedIn[5] where a few members of staff are also listed. Data Analysis Information from the questionnaires will be analysed to elicit clear information on the position of women working in pharmaceuticals in KSA – their educational background, experience of recruitment, training and promotion and any barriers they have encountered in terms of their advancement in the workplace. Qualitative information will provide the context for the statistics. Planning and Critical Analysis Permission will be needed from the SFDA Executive Management to conduct the survey among a sample of staff members, and the researcher’s contact person within the company could facilitate this. If permission is not granted, it may still be possible for some members of staff to participate in a private capacity (for example, via LinkedIn) although participants may be hesitant and it may be difficult to attract 180 people by this method. SFDA may wish to alter the wording or the questions in the survey to suit company needs, however any proposed changes will have to be carefully scrutinised by the researcher before any changes are agreed. Alternatively, another pharmaceuticals company could be used, such as Merck Serono, which has a base in Saudi Arabia but company headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland and a UK office. Limitations The surveys are limited to a selection of the working population in one specific organisation and although a degree of extrapolation is possible the findings will not represent a comprehensive and in-depth view of the country’s entire pharmaceuticals sector. Timescale Obtaining permissions and approvals and distributing questionnaires will take up to five weeks, with data analysis in week six and writing up of the findings in weeks seven – ten. References: BBC (2012). Saudi Arabia profile. Online. 16th January. [available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14702705] Issa, N.A., Al-Ammar, A.I. and Mostafa, S. (2009) Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Industries in Saudi Arabia. American Health Lawyers Association. Minkus-McKenna, D. (2009). Women Entrepreneurs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Working paper. http://bit.ly/yCoxTY Offenhauer, P. (2005). Women in Islamic societies: a selected review of social scientific literature. Report. Library of Congress. Online. [available at: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Women_Islamic_Societies.pdf] Peebles, D., Darwazeh, N., Ghosheh H. and Sabbah, A. (2007) Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in the Private Sector in Jordan. Research Report. National Center for Human Resources Development. Sadi, M. A. and Al-Ghazali, B. M. (2010). ‘Doing business with impudence: A focus on women entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. Research paper.’ African Journal of Business Management Vol. 4(1), pp.1-11, January. Online. [available at: http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM]. Saudi Food and Drug Authority. [available at: http://www.sfda.gov.sa/En/Home/Topics/about/]

Ethics in Food Labeling and Packaging

Ethical Food Labeling and Packaging After seeing the ad on television or in the weekly grocer flyer, seeing the actual labeling on a product is what consumers have to make informed choices. What started out to be another form of advertising and last attempt to sell a product, food packaging and labeling has been regulated through the FDA and FD&C to require certain information. It was declared to be the policy of the Congress to assist consumers and manufacturers in reaching these goals in the marketing of consumer goods (Regulatory).Beyond giving the name of the food, net quantity of contents, name and address of manufacturer, statement of ingredients and nutrition information, a product can still be misleading beyond the principal display panels. Accurate and legally complete labels make sense from the standpoints of both ethics and good business (Scott par. 1). Consumers depend on product labels every day to make informed decisions when buying products and those misleading and dec eptive labels make it much more difficult to make good purchasing decisions.Proper labeling to provide the consumer with useful, factual information was the rationale for the original FDCA misbranding provisions, and that motivation has not changed in more than half a century (Committee). Label information can be used to mislead the consumer by providing untrue information or to exaggerate their products’ features. As an example, nutrient information claiming â€Å"low fat†, â€Å"100% natural† or â€Å"organic† have been used on products that left out pertinent information in supporting those claims.Unlike 100% Organic, Organic and Made with Organic Processes, which have tight regulations, the FDA has almost no regulations about the use of the word â€Å"natural†. The FDA has not developed a definition for use of the term natural or its derivatives, however the agency had not objected to the use of the term if the food does not contain added color , artificial flavors or synthetic substances (Committee).A product may contain a claim regarding company processes are green or environmentally friendly, however without the claim being associated to the actual business; consumers are left to think that the product itself lines up with the claim due to mislabeling. There are many cases that the packaging does not represent the actual product. For instance, the packaging of a certain product looks nice and attractive. However, when a consumer opens the package, the product does not look as good as it appears on the packaging.Common deceptive packaging tricks include encasing small products in large containers or decreasing the amount of the product in a box (Margaret). Manufacturers have downsized their product, yet kept the same price and closely the same package with a new net weight listed, looking very similar to the previously larger size on the shelves not too long ago (Sullivan). As long as the products didn’t falsely d o all the above and keep the net weight at the same amount, the manufacturer is abiding by the packaging and labeling act.Slack-filled packaging reveals packaging that looks empty or having less of the product than it could actually contain. Yet again, there are legitimate reasons as to why the consumer pays for air. Companies using same sized containers to sell different-sized products to save on packaging costs, added space helps air circulate, preserving freshness and other statements regarding why food items are not packed full can and have been justified (Sullivan).Sullivan maintains that ultimately the reason is to mislead consumers due to the perception that the larger the box, the better the deal. Concerns about environmental and ethical values are closely related. Customers are increasingly seeking to purchase products from companies that are taking care of our environment (Carbonfree). The Federal Trade Commission regulates environmental marketing claims so consumers can b e reasonably confident that any promises apply to most of the packaging or contents of the product and not to â€Å"minor, incidental components†(Margaret).Excessive paper or wrapping and the harms caused by non-biodegradable materials have become a hot topic and companies have realized the public is equally concerned about the ethics of packaging. Not only having safe and effective packaging equipment qualifies companies as being ethical, but the processes and working conditions of employees are under the microscope as well. As an example, a company that produces sugar can have the claim of being â€Å"Carbon Free†.For many consumers, this sounds good and well intentioned, however the claim is not directly for the product but instead meant for how the product was manufactured. Without statements tying the two together the general public will continue to be misled or misinformed. The claim of packaging made out of recycled material when only a small percentage of the c ontainer was indeed recycled is a continuation of product misrepresentation and manufacturers point to shoplifting as an explanation for packing items in difficult-to-open containers (Margaret).Margaret points out that even this issue leads to the environmental issues of how much energy is being expended to produce, ship and properly store the deceptively large packages. Certain food processes have been tolerated that go against what the product represented and are not mentioned on the food label itself. Within the food industry there isn’t a right to know what is in the food as well as the manufacturing processes. Andrews reported that processing aids are substances used to aid food production, which are not found at significant levels in the final product and have no â€Å"functional or technical effects† on the food. Lean finely textured beef† (LFTB) otherwise known as â€Å"Pink Slime† is produced by mashing and sterilizing beef scraps with ammonia. Ev en though a large portion of the burger patties produced, including McDonald’s up until recently, undergo the ammonia cleanse, there is no need to label it due to the FDA and USDA not requiring food makers to list processing aids on labels (Andrews). The Food Safety and Inspection Service have thirteen categories of processing aids used in the production of meat, poultry and eggs.Processing aids are defined as a material used to process the food, but having no intentional technical effect on the food itself and having the potential of trace levels to remain in the food after the manufacturing process (Magazine). Based on new government legislations, enhanced media coverage and sensationalism, increased company and personal responsibility and heightened consumer vigilance and demands, the growing global food industry is undergoing a new level of increased controls through new certifications, standards and moving towards global harmonization (Magazine).Consumers ought to break out their grocery calculators and see what gets the best bang for the buck instead of flashy packaging and wording that captures the â€Å"wants† instead of the â€Å"needs† of its consumer base. As Sullivan noted, compare unit prices provided on store shelves as this is the only way to compare a type of product with another. The best thing a consumer can do is vote with their food dollars and to vote smart. As regulations within food packaging and labeling get a closer look it is still up to the consumer to make the decisions best for them and their families.

Affixation In English And Vietnamese English Language Essay

Affixation In English And Vietnamese English Language Essay A purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols is defined as language (Sapir, Language, P.7). Therefore, every language itself provides attentive learners with a wide knowledge of the primary function, social nature as well as the important characteristic which is the system of symbols consisting of different levels from sound systems to meaning, such as phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Only the unity of these four systems can form what is so-called language. Correspondingly, with a purpose of researching on this field that is to bring you, Vietnamese learners of English, an in- depth look at how minimal meaningful English morphemes can be used again and again as building blocks to form different words and some relevance to the constitution of Vietnamese words, I hope this can be a useful material for you to approach English reading comprehension and bilingual translation work fr om a more efficient and interesting angle. Literary review According to Eugene A Nida, â€Å"morphemes are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words† (Nida, 1946:1) and are defined as units of semantic content or grammatical function. Morphemes are of two kinds: free morphemes, ones that can be uttered alone with meaning and bound morphemes, ones that cannot be uttered alone with meaning. Based on this definition, affixes are defined as bound morphemes because they occur before or behind roots or cores of all words and somewhat modify the basic meaning of the roots. e.g. Verb + – able Æ’Â   Adj: enjoy + – able Verb + – er Æ’Â   Noun: wait + – er, act + – or un + Adj Æ’Â   Adj: un + – productive, un + – easy Adj + – en Æ’Â   Verb: deep + – en, thick + – en Besides, like bound morphemes, affixes may also be derivational or inflectional, which means that affixes can create new words by deriving new words from other words or making minor grammatical changes necessary for agreement with other words without changing meanings or parts of words. From that point, affixation is assumed as the linguistic process speakers use to form new words by adding bound morphemes at the beginning, the middle or the end of words. Correlatively, affixes are divided into prefixes, suffixes, infixes, suprafixes or suprasegmental and so on. Some categories of affixes: Prefix un-do prefix -stem Appears at the front of a stem Suffix look-ing stem-suffix Appears at the back of a stem Infix Minneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹flippin’à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºsota st-infix-em Appears within a stem – common in Borneo-Philippines languages Circumfix a-scatter-ed circumfix-stem-circumfix One portion appears at the front of a stem, and the other at the rear Interfix speed-o-meter stema-interfix-stemb Links two stems together in a compound Duplifix teeny-weeny stem-duplifix Incorporates a reduplicated portion of a stem (may occur in front, at the rear, or within the stem) Transfix Maltese: k-i-t-e-b = â€Å"he wrote† (compare root ktb = â€Å"write†) s-transfix-te-transfixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºm A discontinuous affix that interleaves within a discontinuous stem Simulfix mouse à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ mice Changes a segment of a stem Suprafix produce (noun) produce (verb) Changes a suprasegmental phoneme of a stem Disfix Alabama: tipli = â€Å"break up†

Accounting treatment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting treatment - Essay Example The justification of the company’s fair role has a clear reflection in the management of its accounting. This report is conducted to analyze the impact of organizational fairness in accounting activities on the performance of company managers along with the impact on managers perception in return of fair treatment of the organization. Another important purpose for writing this paper is to analyze the importance of conducting experimental research in the management accounting. Good managers are considered as assets for the organization. It is very important for the organizations to contain managers with positive attitude for the organizational activities regarding the fairness and legal obligations. The role of accountant is very critical in the organization because the accountant knows all about the cash flows and the overall money management of the company. All the managers have knowledge regarding the fairness of company’s operations and activities. It is believed tha t fair compensation system can improve the performance of the employees in the organization. The fair compensation system is a part of fair management accounting system in the company. This research paper will justify the importance of fair treatment of organization in improving the productivity of the organization. ... Organization has a responsibility towards the government to pay complete taxes without any kind of disobedience and illegal activity. All the obligations that are imposed by the government in the organizational and industrial act should be followed by every organization to play a fair role in the country. Nowadays, it is not easy for the companies to play fair role in all the aspects of the business because competition has become very stiff and every company is seeking to get the competitive edge by any means. Therefore in such kind of environment it is difficult to manage all the operations with fairness. In the presence of this fact still the organizations are liable to fulfill all the obligations that are imposed by the government to justify its social beneficial existence in the country. Fairness in all the parts of the organization has a very positive impact on the employees and managers who are working in the organization (Kumari, 116 – 128). It is easy for the company m anagers to observe the fairness in accounting system of the company because it is completely based on figures so it is has become easy for the mangers to evaluate the fair treatment of organization. Therefore, it can be concluded with the fact that fairness in management accounting activities can justify the fairness of organization among the managers. This topic has got a great importance in present competitive world that’s why this topic has been selected for further exploration on this area. Now come specifically to understand the importance of this research paper. The consideration of fairness in the organizational activities has a significant impact on the overall performance of the business,

Aesthetic Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aesthetic Perspectives - Essay Example It is an artwork using the media chalk, conte crayon and ink on paper, and is an example of a Realist painting (Horsley, 2003). In fact, Bravo was touted as the greatest Latin American realist (Horsley, 2003). The painting depicts a paper package of considerable size wound around by wire, seemingly in order to keep it secure and the contents of the package from being exposed. In terms of the FORMALIST (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.) theory of aesthetic perspectives, the painting can be analyzed in the context of space, form, texture, color, and lines. The painting of the package occupies most of the space of the canvas, so that all the observer sees is a paper package wrapped in wire. The form of the painting is very true to life, and immaculately arranged. The corners are crumpled just a little to give the painting a feeling of realism. It is very easy to infer the texture of the package; it is made of paper. The colors of the paintings are bland, and very real; the package is pastely cr eam in color, with the wire silver. As far as the formalist perspective is concerned, the artist has succeeded to portray arrangement and realism in the painting. This leads us to the other perspective, that of IMITATIONIST (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.) theory. As discussed earlier, this is a work on realism, a branch of Imitationism (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.). There is nothing more to the painting than a package wrapped in wire.... When an observer looks at the painting, he gets the feeling of enclosure and secrecy. Since the package occupies most of the space of the canvas, the observer cannot look at the surroundings of the package, and feels as if he is also wrapped around in it and closed tight. The wire around the package seems to protect the package from opening and the contents from being exposed. This gives a sense of secrecy to the painting. Nevertheless, the package is made of paper, and so it is fragile, and can tear open any time. This invokes a sense of suspense to the exposure of the hidden contents of the package, and the observer feels a thrill, as if by waiting and looking at the painting for a longer period of time, he might be able to break open the package and look inside. The real inspiration for the painting, as explained by the artist, was quite mundane: his sister arrived with some packages, and Bravo was fascinated by their form and texture (Horsley, 2003). His depiction of the painting , however, infuses more meaning to the package than just the artist’s fascination. The other artwork of the pair is â€Å"Rabbit† by Jeff Koons. Made in 1955, it is a sculpture crafted out of stainless steel (Holland, 2010). It is huge in size; to get an estimate, it comes to the waist of an average adult male, and since it is put up on a pedestal, it faces the observer with an eye contact (Holland, 2010). This artwork, too, can be studied in the three perspectives as discussed for the previous artwork. The discussion is as follows: In the perspective of the FORMALIST (Art and Aesthetics, n.d.) theory of aesthetics, the first point to be noted is the medium of the sculpture, that is, stainless steel. It should be noted that it is very difficult to carve

Is Hazard Transfer an Inevitable Consequence of Globalization Essay

Is Hazard Transfer an Inevitable Consequence of Globalization - Essay Example Thesis: globalization refers to the modern markets, of both developed and developing countries, which are exposed to external changes, innovations in technologies, implementation of various cultural and social changes etc. Globalization is a background of the modern development in the society in different spheres. Globalization and political economy There is no doubt that there are advantages and disadvantages of the global processes, but in the context of the modern world, globalization sets the pace of political, economic and social development. The modern citizens do not have another choice, but only keeping pace with these changing and challenging triggers of modern life development. In the process of globalization, international governments struggle for a control over the international economy, basing on their needs for wealth, which are an integral part of their current struggle for power (Gilpin, 2001). Unlike previous years, modern world accepts geopolitical hegemony (as in c ase of the United States) and not the priority of autonomous market (as in case of the United States too) (Waltz, 2000, p. 47). ...   A process of integration of national economies into a global one is a sequential process of gradual adaptation and changes of national powers into a complete successful process increasing profits of different countries (Schumacher, 1973). A shift of accents from ‘globalization as an interdependence’ to ‘globalization as a gradual balancing of international and domestic politics’ was initiated in the 40s of the twentieth century (Kapstein, Mastanduno, 1999, p. 163). With the course of time, globalization turned from a forcible process of states’ oppression into liberating trades, financial markets, and investments. A distribution of consequences of a process of globalization was the following: from â€Å"pressure for the reduction the welfare state in developed countries and for the liberalization of the economy in developing ones† (Langley, 2000, p. 462). It is more pleasant to consider a process of globalization in political economy in the following way: â€Å"the rush to free trade and capital market liberalization, the reforms of many welfare states, and the creation of independent central banks globally† (Wangoola, Youngman, 2006, p. 22). From this perspective, a process of globalization is considered to be favorable for political economy. A meaningfulness of every state is supported by the relevance of its potential assistance and cooperation with other states. It is a kind of interaction between players in the international arena. In such a way, it is relevant to support and develop a process of globalization on the international level for the countries’ benefits (Croteau, Hoynes, 2003).

Social Rights Are Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Rights Are Human Rights - Essay Example Human rights are defined as the rights that a human has as a result of being a human. This follows that every human being has an inherent authority over human rights. Human rights cannot be divided whether they are civil or political; for example the right to live, no discrimination before the law and freedom of speech and expression. Similarly, economic, social and cultural rights cannot be divided either. However these rights are interrelated and dependent on each other. This follows that progress in one right has an influence on the other and withdrawal of one impact the other (United Nations Human Rights, 2011). Whelan and Donnelly (2007) argue that Western countries have advocated economic and social rights strongly and consistently over the period of time, leading to the post-World War era as we know now. However most analysts are of the perspective that political and civil rights have been given preponderance over social rights. McNally (2006) observes that the global corporat e agenda is a representation of the trend towards commodification that has led to the promotion of capitalism since its advent, highlighting the greater importance being given to political rights. Human rights encompass a range of freedoms and rights, of which economic, social and cultural rights form a part of. The human rights definition that follows does imply the notion of protecting social rights and laws and regulations are meant to safeguard the basic and vital â€Å"needs of the human person and his/her dignity in times of peace and war† (Kalin, Muller & Wyttenbach, 2004). However human rights do not grant equal importance to the rights that they compromise of. It is argued that social rights are not given the same status by human rights as it gives to civil and political rights. According to Vierdag (1978), civil and political rights have always been considered as absolute and immediate compared to economic, social and cultural rights, which are considered programmat ic and to be recognized over the period of time. This will form the core of the argument in this paper and will focus on the status of social, civil and political rights in the context of human rights. When taking human rights as a collective concept, it can be appreciated that human rights have developed and evolved throughout the course of history. This has led to the division of human rights into three generations. Kalin, Muller and Wyttenbach (2004) observe that the pattern and process of the evolution of human rights is manifested in their structure. The Human rights that are represented and divested in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be classified into several generations; this classification is based on the historical origin of each generation. Commonly human rights are divided into three main generations. The first generation consists of civil and political rights and the second generation refers to economic, social and cultural rights. The third generation com promises of collective rights or solidarity rights. The division of human rights into further generations creates a difference in the level of importance attached to each. This paper will delve into the details of the first two generations. Civil and political

Java Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Java - Research Paper Example Members declared public have no bounds, they can be accessed from anywhere by any class irrespective of whether they are in same package or not. To sum up, the access limits of each modifier are tabulated below: Members declared as Can be accessed from members of Same Class Same Package Subclass Other Packages Public Yes Yes Yes Yes Private Yes No No No Protected Yes Yes Yes No b) Span of access Variable that are declared private/protected can be accessed outside its scope by defining set and get methods for that variable in the declaring class and calling the method from outside. However, the set and get methods must be declared public. Alternatively, we can use Reflection API which provides pre-defined methods to access private members of other classes. Still private members of super class cannot be accessed through these methods. c) Example 2. Passing Parameters to methods a) Parameter handling by methods In java, we can pass parameters of any valid data type to methods. This incl udes both primitive data types like integer, string, float etc and reference data types like objects and arrays. In both the cases, the data is passed only by value and not by reference, which means only a copy of the variable is sent and this will not affect the original value of the variable in the internal memory. i. Changing value of a primitive-type parameter within a method: When the value of the primitive type parameter is changed within the method, it remains in effects only within the scope of the function (method). It is not reflected to the outside world and the passed variable still contains its original value, unless until we assign this returned value to the variable. ii. Changing value of a primitive-type data field of a reference-type When the value of object fields of a reference type is changed within the method, it can be reflected in the original object’s field provided it has the proper access level. However, the reference variable will still point to the same object. iii. Reassigning the reference of a reference-type parameter to a new object that you create within a method In this case, the reference variable will point to the new object. b) Example In the above example, only the fields modified inside the method is reflected outside in the reference variable. The actual reference object is not modified outside when it is assigned a new object inside the method. For this reason, the textObject2 is not modified. However, in the next line when the reference variable is assigned a new object returned from the method, it now points to the new object. 3. Static Modifier a) Using the modifier static on a variable A variable is declared static in order to make it accessible commonly among all the instances of a class. In other words, the actual variable can be directly accessed and modified from any objects/instance of a class, just like a common shared folder in a network system. This type of variable is frequently employed in situation where every instances of a class require a common variable to update or retrieve certain information which is common to all users of the application. For example, retrieving or updating the most frequently viewed products in an online shopping application. Further, static variables are employed in combination with public and final keyword to store values that remain constant throughout the application.

HOWARD GOODALL'S 20TH CENTURY GREATS - BERNARD HERMAN Assignment

HOWARD GOODALL'S 20TH CENTURY GREATS - BERNARD HERMAN - Assignment Example He brought the orchestra up to date with imaginative and unparalleled musical textures and effects. Hermann used electronic instruments to score a sequence of landmark films. In doing this, he did not only deter the film audience off the romantic music it was almost conversant with but he also impacted classical concert. He was unsure of his success. He never received the respect he had a desire in the classical world. However, Herman did more than anyone else to widen the musical tastes of the audience. He did this in the crucible most significant form, which is the cinema, of the twentieth century (Howard). Herman composed more than simple music to manipulate his audience as most movies scores are intended to (Howard). He created a psychological mood that developed a character unto itself. Living even beyond the images they are established to support. It is interesting to learn about the combination of historic facts and practical demonstration. It is interesting to note that the musical concepts to be observed in the Hitch scores of Hermann always have a heavy focus on internal repetition. Often, sections of Hermans music will comprise of a short notion that is repeated in various ways. On the one hand, it is applied to disguise this repetition partially, but, on the other hand, to assist the suspense and obsession of mood and cyclic falls found in the Hitchcock. The most remarkable of the repetition strategies comprise of the chromaticism and instrumentation. Chromaticism not only permits Herrmann to repeat short phrases without end, but it also increases the suspense and general mood of the scene. It is a device of Hermanns landscape, which can be seen as the first of Herrmann’s notable echoes. Herman was evidently able through his collaboration with Hitchcock to connect these films sonically. The allusions betray a more intelligent objective than a simple lack of creativity. The echoes throw thematic designs in the

Subject of Course Project Essay Example for Free

Subject of Course Project Essay In today competitive economy, we need information system in every aspect of the organization because Information systems help in decision making process in a cost effective way. Using technologies to discover, analyze and act in real time on the large volumes of data in research laboratories will be beneficial to the organizations. Every organization produces large amount of data and we need a system to contain it and extract information effectively. Databases management systems are design to ease difficulties in maintain complex information systems. An organization such as Mayo Clinic not only has the clinical heath care system but also has the larger department focuses on research and innovations. These types of organizations contain many different research laboratories that use different database system and technologies, bio specimens and produce many different results. This indicates that they have large valuable data yet missing a system that can link them together so that we can compare and contrast all the pertaining data out there. Business Problem Statement The core problem to be solved is inefficient database systems of each disconnected database systems to a system that can communicate many different databases with easy to pull information out of. Due to difference in needs of each research labs, it would be very unproductive to use one type of database for all the labs. However, we need a system that can communicate different databases and queries all the information quickly. Name of the Organization The name of the organization is Mayo Clinic. I want to specifically focus the issue of database system of research department and more specifically about the database system of the lab that I am currently working with. At my lab, we are currently using a Microsoft Access Database to store both clinical and laboratory information by saving in it the share folder for other team members to access. However, there is no tracking system in place and with multi users involve, we have no way of know who or where the information could be wrong. Many other labs also have issues with current databases that they are using due to limited user abilities, missing tracking in place, and waiting time for programmer to give us reports. General Benefits By building a system that can give both clinical information and research information help save time and money of the organization and employees. It will encourage more collaboration within the institutes. If we have information on the samples that other labs already worked on, we no longer need to waste resources to produce the same data by sharing the results. There will be more time for innovations by removing the repetitive experiments. This system can also help at finding more resources such as which labs are working on the similar samples or experiments thus increase collaboration either by exchanging samples or working on the ideas together. It is also important to point out the sharing contents will be control by the users to avoid conflict. A system that can communicate with other database can pull up information of the same patients without needing to re-enter them in many different databases will save time and employee can focus on different tasks. High Level Approach Building a database system will take hours of mapping connections and writing a program that can be customized by users. The best way is to have web base database systems for the labs which don’t have a good relational database yet. Then, build a system that can link the entire relational databases to talk to each other and pull out data. There is two ways we can build the system either by outsourcing or in-house program development. Another step is to find out which way is more cost effective with the time we need to have them ready. Also, it would be important to have a research server and a team to maintain the systems. Audience The needs of an effective research laboratories database system are obvious yet it is costly and time consuming to build one. All the principle investors need to be participating and build the system together and budget into their lab cost. Senior managements and mangers of the labs of Mayo Clinic need to know the importance and benefit of having central research database system.

Case Study of Eruption Cysts

Case Study of Eruption Cysts Eruption cyst not uncommon: A series of three cases Abstract Aim: Presentation of three clinical cases with an eruption cyst Background:  Eruption cysts are rarely seen benign cysts most commonly encountered on the mucosa before the tooth eruption Case description: In two patients, eruption cyst occurred in the maxillary arch and in one patient it foundin the lower arch. The three eruption cysts were found with the permanent teeth. Surgical treatment was done in all three cases and tooth erupted in normal pattern Conclusion: Eruption cyst requires surgical interventionwhen patient experiences any hurt, bleeding or when they get infected and face unesthetic appearance. Surgical excision requires to relive the child from discomfort. Clinical significance: Knowledge about occurrence of eruption cyst, a rare developmental eruption disturbance is very essential to provide the correct diagnosis and treatment Key words: Benign cyst, eruption cyst, surgical excision INTRODUCTION eruption cysts are rarely encountered benign soft tissue lesions seen on the mucosa before the tooth eruption takes place. Some authors belived them as either dentigerous cysts or follicular cysts. However, they are categorized as separate lesions as they seen only in soft tissue. The pathogenesis behind the development of this cyst is not known. One author has found trauma, infection and deficient space for eruption as main etiological factors for their occurrence based on the retrospective study of their 36 cases. It appears to be to arise from the separation of the epithelium ffrom the enamel of the crown of the tooth due to an accumulation of fluid or blood in a dilated follicular space. The exact etiology of occurrence of eruption cyst is not clear. Aguilo et al.3 in their retrospective clinical study of 36 cases, found early trauma, infection and the  deficient space for eruption as possible causative factors. It seems to be toarise from the separation of the epithelium from the enamel of the crown of the tooth due to an accumulation of fluid  or blood in a dilated follicular space literature search shows low prevalence of these cysts. The reason behind low prevalence could be attributed to the fact of being them considered as dentigerous cysts by many investigators  in addition to this only few reports show the definitive diagnosis of these cysts using biopsy since they are benign lesions This may also suggest that either the eruption cyst is an unusual lesion or it is an accepted local disturbance that is associated with the eruption of many teeth. The clinicalsignificanceof low prevalence may also be due to the factthatmost often the dentist sees only symptomatic eruption cysts and the majorityresolves unnoticed CASES DISCRIPTION We hereby report three cases of eruption cyst who reported to the Out Patient Department of  Pedodontics and preventive dentistry, College of Dental sciences, Davangere, India  Case No A12-year-old  male child along with his parents reported with the  chief complaint of bluish black swelling on the gums in the front region of the upper jaw [Figure1a]. History of the case revealed lesion started appearing weeks back as translucent swelling over normal mucosa and it increased to its present size.  The color of the  lesion also slowly changed from its normal red mucosa to the present bluish black colorone week back No fluid  discharge or any other associated symptoms were associated. The general physical examination of the child showed no abnormalitiesExamination of the oral cavity revealed that the child was in the mixed dentition stage.  Soft tissue examination did not show any abnormalities except, the presence ofswelling on the buccal gingiva with respect to unerupte d 11, not extending to palatal surface. Clinically the lesion as bluish-black, circumscribed, fluctuant swelling that measured approximately 1 x 1.5 cm in diameter and was very soft inconsistency. The mucosa was smooth and no ulcerationor bleeding was present Case No An 8-year-old female patient reported with the chief complaint of non erupting upper front tooth along  with a swelling in upper anterior region Figure  1b]. Lesion started appearing 6weeks back as translucent swelling over normal mucosa and it slowly increased to  reach present size. It associated with dull aching pain on mastication.  The general physical examination of the child showed no abnormalities.  Examination of the oral cavity  showedthat the child was in the mixed dentition stage. All the permanent 1st molars had completely erupted and allcentral incisors except were erupted. Swelling measured approximately 1x 1 cm in diameter and was very soft and fluctuant and slightly bluish in color. The was smooth with no ulceration or bleeding Case No A 7- year-old boy reported with the chief complaint of swelling inlower left back tooth region [Figure 2a]. Lesion started appearing 3 weeks back translucent swelling in the region of unerupted left permanent first molarand it slowly increased to its present size.  Examination of the oral cavity revealed that the child was in the mixed dentition stage. All the permanent 1st molars had completely erupted  except mandibular left molar Swelling measured approximately 2 x 2.5 cm in diameter and was very soft and fluctuant with bluish color. In this case too, the overlying smooth with no ulceration present Radiographic examination Case 1 showed presence of 11, case 2 showed presenceof 21, case 3 showed presence of 36 in the stage of eruption and involvement or any radiolucency surrounding this tooth.Based on clinical and radiographic examination, the lesions were diagnosed as eruption cyst associated with 11, Treatment The clinical condit ion was explained to the parents and they were advised to observe the swellings for another 2 weeks as it may rupture on its and may notrequire any surgical intervention. Patients reported after 15-20 days. In all three cases, the swelling was not resolved and complained of discomfort associated with swelling while chewing food. The surgical procedure was explained to the parents and consent was obtained for the same. A blood investigation was carried out before the procedure.In first two patients,the treatment included incising the eruption cyst with BP bladeno.15 and draining the contents of the cyst. A window was cut leading to the exposureof 11 and 21. In third patient as little big with thick mucosa overlying, the superficial part present over 36 was excised completely and it was sent for histological examination. content of the cyst was drained completely. Post operative instructions were given in all patients [Figure 1c, 1d and 2b]. The case 1 and case reviewed after one month and a normal eruption pattern was observed [Figure 1e, 1f]. In addition of surgical excision of cyst in case 3, pulp for 74, cementation of modified distal shoe with intra-mucosal extension was cemented to guide the eruption of 36 [Figure 2c] and reverse crown and loop space maintainer cementation was done to prevent the mesial migration of 46. Case reviewed after 2 and 4 weeks and a of 36 was observed [Figure 2d and 3a]. After 3 month, when complete eruption of 36 was observed, distal shoe appliance was replaced and loop space maintainer [Figure 3b Microscopic examination: Haematoxylin and Eosin stained section from case No. 3 revealed, stratified squamous parakeratinized epithelium with areas of acanthosis. Connective tissue was moderately fibrous with areas of extravasated RBCs, few blood vessels and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate of plasma cells and lymphocytes. Few inactive odontogenic rests was also seen in the connective tissue DISCUSSION on clinical examination eruption cysts appears as aelevated dome shaped swelling more commonly encountered on the mucosa of the alveolar ridge. On palpation these lesions feel soft in consistency and the surface colour usually appears as bluish, purple to black or transparent color  on clinical examination eruption cysts appears as aelevated dome shaped swe lling more commonly encountered on the mucosa of the alveolar ridge. On palpation these lesions feel soft in consistency and the surface colour usually appears as bluish, purple to black or transparent color. It  raised Clinically, eruption cyst appears as a dome shaped raised swelling in the mucosa of the alveolar ridge, which is soft to touch and the color ranges from transparent, bluish, purple to blue-black.2 Inall three presented cases here, the  color of the cyst ranged from reddish black to bluish  Eruption cyst found to appear more in the upper arch compared to lower and commonly involving anterior teeth.to be more prevalent in the maxillary archinvolving anterior teeth. Eruption cyst associated with molars and premolars is very rare. Nagaveni et al.,5 reported development of this cyst in relation to mandibular first premolar which is a rare finding on radiographic examination it is difficult to differeciate between the cystic space of eruption cyst. The reason could be the presence of both the cyst and tooth in the soft tissue. In case of dentigerous cyst we can appreciate anunilocular radiolucent region in the shape of a half moon on the crown of a non-erupted tooth. 2on h istological examination the eruption cysts shows the similar microscopic features of the dentigerous cysts which consists of connective fibrous tissue covered by a fine layer of non-keratinized cellular epithelium.  Ã‚  area It is difficult to distinguish the cystic space of eruption cyston radiographbecause both the cyst and tooth are directly in the soft tissue  in contrast to dentigerous cyst in which a well-defined  unilocular radiolucentarea is observed in the form of a half moon on the crown of a non-erupted tooth.2Histologically,the eruptioncyst presents the same microscopic characteristics as the dentigerous cyst, with connective?brous tissue covered with a fine layer of non-keratinized cellular epithelium.2 On histologic examination of tissue excised from case no. 3 showed stratified squamous parakeratinized epithelium with focal areas of acanthosis, chronic inflammatory cells and few inactive odontogenic rests in connective tissue  most of the times, the eruption c ysts do not need any treatment and they resolve on their own. 4,7 surgical treatment is required when they show bleeding, infected, hurts the patients or esthetically unpleasing. 2,8 Treatment is done to give relief from the discomfort resulting from the eruption cysts. The treatment involves simple excision or excision of the overlying tissue to expose the crown and draining the fluid is carried out in cases where the underlying tooth is not erupting or when the cyst is increasing in size. Mostly, the eruption cysts do not require treatment and majority of them disappear on their own.4,7 Surgical intervention is required when they hurt bleed, are infected, or esthetic problems arise.2,8 Treatment has to be performed in order for the childto be relived from discomfort arising lesion.Simple incision or partial excision of the overlying tissue to expose the crown anddraining the fluidis indicated when the underlying tooth is not erupting or the cyst is enlarging advanced imaging techniques like the diode laser system is an excellent equipment for the management of eruption cyst. The advantages include elimination for the need of local anesthesia in majority cases.9 As a result the occurrence of possible complications, toxicity and allergic reactions are avoided. This diode laser has bactericidalcoagulative effects. In addition to this one can appreciate mild bleeding and better visualization of the working area as compared to conventional scalpel method of treating erupti on cysts. 10 In thepresented 3 cases, we used scalpel for incising or excising the lesion as we did not have access to the laser therapy in our department. The diode laser system is an excellent toolfor management of eruption cyst,since it eliminates the need for local anesthesia in most cases Painless character of laser has been attributed to its transitory anesthetic effect due to the blocking of the  nerve conduction in Na/K pump.9 The patient is comfortable, not noticing the sensation of vibration or observing the contact of the laser handpiece with the mucosa.4As of local anesthesia is not used, the possibility of complications, toxicityand allergic reactions are eliminated. The diode laser has bactericidal coagulative effectsalso.Compared with conventional scalpel there is mild bleeding and better visibility of working areawith use of laser.10 In the presented 3 cases, we used scalpel for incising or excising the lesion as we did not have access to the laser therapy in our institution. Conclusion: Eruption cyst requires surgical intervention when they hurt, bleed, are infected, or esthetic problems arise. Treatment has to be performed in order to relive the child from discomfort. Clinical significance: Knowledge about occurrence of eruption cyst among clinicians is very essential to provide the correct diagnosis and treatment.

High School Drops Outs Essay -- Education

The number of people dropping out of high school is on the rise. A high school drop out is more likely to be subjected to poverty. The high school drop out will historically be less likely to obtain a high paying job. Many high school dropouts will be less likely to become a productive or beneficial member of society, but will instead create a burden for the community for which he or she is a member. According to the National Center for Education, in 2001 the dropout rate was approximately, 10.7 percent for people between the ages of 16 to 24. Studies showed that dropout rates were higher for people in the 10th grade, due to the fact that children over the age of 16 were no longer required to stay in school. Upon completion of the `Leaver Survey', many students said the leaving school was a process, no a sudden decision. Over 20 percent of all dropouts interviewed indicated a preference for working over school, as the most important reason for dropping out. Several other reasons were pregnancy, marriage, and boredom. A staggering 30 percent of all high school dropouts had an A or...

A High School Students Opinion of Poetry :: Education Poetry Poems Essays

A High School Student's Opinion of Poetry Students’ opinions of poetry are very important to consider when planning how to cover poetry in the classroom. In this article, Jon C. Mladic and Douglas R. Pietrzak surveyed a high school creative writing class in Normal, IL (grades 10-12) about their opinions of poetry. They created an extensive survey concerning the students’ opinions and experiences with poetry as well their preferences for instruction. They also interview the teacher of the creative writing class in order to gather her opinions. Mladic and Pietrzak found that surveying students in creative writing classes can be very useful for any class. Students stated that it was especially dificult to write on command and that the environment of the school was not particularly conducive to writing. Students that were inclined to write on their own often cited writing as a means of self-exploration and they felt as if the environment of the school was not fitting for this purpose. In this article, Mladic and Pietrzak discuss a list of possible adjustments that could be made to the classroom to help the students feel more comfortable expressing themselves through writing, but insist that a writing classroom should be individually adapted to the unique members and interests of each classroom. Poetry as a means of self-expression has a wide-range of possible uses outside the English classroom as well that can be very beneficial for students’ personal and social development. Introduction This study is concerned with students’ opinions and knowledge of poetry so that the teacher can best adjust the classroom atmosphere to encourage student writing and creative exploration. Poetry as a topic for high school students is full of misconceptions and stereotypes. Therefore, since high school students tend to have little exposure to poetry – especially writing it – it is very important for the teacher to be sensitive and understand the dynamics of the classroom so that they are able to inspire students to feel comfortable with poetry. Poetry can be a very powerful tool of self-expression and self-exploration for students. Research Questions Essentially we have one research question: What opinions do high schools students have when approaching poetry? This question, however, led to a number of other questions. How can the classroom be adjusted to best fit your approaches towards writing? What topics do you write about in poetry? What is students’ prior knowledge of poetry?

Truth Revealed in As I Lay Dying :: As I Lay Dying Essays

Truth Revealed in As I Lay Dying       Addie Bundren conjures up the central darkness derived from her death and directly or indirectly causes actions in which each Bundren character takes advantage of Addie. With the character's actions revolving around her death, William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying reveals the truth about the people who surround a person may take advantage of him or her.   The death of Addie Bundren shapes all of the character's actions in life including Addie's final request before her death.   Addie takes advantage of her death by using it for revenge and inflicting final pains upon some characters, while the other characters use her to get what they want for their personal needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addie causes all the painful actions around her family either directly or indirectly.   Addie is foremost the prominent abuser of her upcoming death in As I Lay Dying.   She predetermines her time to die, and she makes sure that the people in her family whom she dislikes must experience her wrath before she moves on to the next life.   "Addie is the one who is dying, but she makes revenges run throughout the family and extend beyond" (Wadlington 35). Inflicting pain mostly on Anse, Addie enjoys herself. Anse, a lazy man, is forced by his wife to take her to Jefferson to be buried as her final request.  Ã‚   Addie's revenge on Anse was payback for all the times when he just sat around while Addie, her children, and sometimes neighbors do all the hard work for him.   Also "Addie reacts to Anse's arid conventionality by having a clandestine affair with minister Whitfield" (Wadlington 31). Addie also indirectly hurts one of her favor ite sons, Cash.   Cash is hurt indirectly when he helps ! his kinfolk carry his mother's coffin to Jefferson, where along the path, he breaks his leg while crossing a flooded river.   Although Cash is one of Addie's favorites besides Jewel, Addie's cruel revenge carries over to Cash's broken leg, which later becomes infected.   Besides her indirect action on Cash's leg, Cash is the most favorite of Addie. As Wadlington states, "He is very much his mother's son in expressing his feelings through physical action rather than through words by building a coffin for the mother he loves" (Wadlington 41). Jewel, Addie's second favorite next to Cash, seems to be cursed by his callous mother.

Soldier’s Home Analysis

â€Å"Soldier’s Home† Literary Analysis It is an undeniable fact that war changes people, and this change becomes especially apparent when soldiers return home to their families. In the short story â€Å"Soldier’s Home†, Ernest Hemingway paints a picture of a soldier’s state of mind after arriving home from the war and shows the difficulties of trying to live a normal life, fit in with society, and start over. Hemingway introduces Harold Krebs as he returns home from World War I much later than the rest of the soldiers.It is very evident from his behavior that he is traumatized, confused, and feels very much out of place. He doesn’t know where to begin to pick up where he left off and truly feels confused about his purpose in life, which can be very much related to the way many soldiers feel in our generation. Things such as fitting in with the society, getting a job, and starting a new relationship become a lot more complicated, and Krebs ex presses this several times throughout the story.He especially focuses on the subject of starting a relationship with a girl and his inability and lack of interest of even introducing himself. He likes to observe women, and even desires to be with one; however, the idea of courting and investing time into it completely turns him off. Hemmingway never explains why Krebs feels this way but gives enough hints that perhaps Krebs once suffered heartbreak. â€Å"Now he would have liked a girl if she had come to him and not wanted to talk, but here at home it was all too complicated.He knew he could never go through it all again. † The reader is focused on the words â€Å"again† and â€Å"It all†, allowing the audience to assume that he might have done this once before. The word â€Å"complicated† is repeated a numerous times when it’s associated with girls; â€Å"the girls live in a complicated world, â€Å" â€Å"they were too complicated†, â₠¬Å"it is too complicated† and â€Å"He had tried to so to keep his life from being complicated. †Ã‚  which is another clue that Krebs might have gone through a rough break-up.Whether this happened during his time away or before the war, Hemingway never explains. Another reason for Krebs’ lack of interest to date could be assumed that he developed different outlook on women in his time in Germany. During any war women usually become victims of sexual and physical assault and it is safe to assume that maybe Krebs experienced this during his time in Germany. â€Å"His acquaintances, who had heard detailed accounts of German women found chained to machine guns†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Vaguely, he wanted a girl but he id not want to spend a long time getting her are statements that can allude to him having interest in getting a girl just for a short time, for pleasure, but nothing more. With all the disconnect Krebs feels, the reader is forced to question â€Å"Wher e is home for Harold Krebs? † It is obvious that he doesn’t feel home, even though he comes from a great small town in Oklahoma, has a supportive and loving family, and has others praying for him. This, however, is not enough for Krebs to compensate for all the horrors he witnessed during the war.His mother encourages him to talk about it but never truly pays attention, which results with Krebs feeling like he cannot express himself without being misunderstood. During breakfast, his mother asks him to pray with her to what he responds, â€Å"I can’t. † This signifies that Krebs lost his faith. He truly doesn’t care what happens to him and proceeds to speak apathetically. When his father says â€Å"don’t you love your mother, dear boy? † and Harold replies, â€Å"no† â€Å"I don’t love anyone†. His mother instantly starts to cry, to which Harold realizes.He knows he hurt her feelings even though it doesn’t se em like he meant to do it on purpose. Many can presume that Krebs cannot make his parents understand everything he went through in combat. Statement such as â€Å"I don’t love anyone† almost sounds as if he is showing his parents he is all grown up and not the little boy he used to be. It is safe to say that Krebs is probably going through many emotions at once. There are things in which he says that he probably doesn’t mean, but doesn’t know how to express them otherwise.One example of this is toward the end of the story when Harold’s mother tells him she held him close to her heart when he was a baby, to which he replies, â€Å"I know, Mummy, I’ll try to be good for you. † He contradicts himself by calling his mother â€Å"Mummy†, which shows he does indeed love her. He proceeds to tell himself that his conversation with his mother didn’t touch him and moving away to Kansas City would be a good escape from his family s ituation. His thinking shows that he could possibly be lying to himself, trying to convince himself that life would be better away from them.Maybe he doesn’t want his mother to love him because he feels ashamed and nauseated for all the things he’s done during the war. Hemingway leaves much of â€Å"Soldier’s Home† to the reader’s interpretation. The story doesn’t have a set plot and the main character Krebs is not better off in the end of the story or at the beginning. A lot of Krebs’ behavior can be paralleled to our modern day soldiers’ who come home from war in Iraq and Afghanistan. From personal experience, most of them never truly talk about everything that happened there, and if they do they never express their true emotions about the events.Many have trouble coping with day-to-day lives and sometimes even express violent behavior toward their loved ones. It’s hard to make judgments on their condition because the subject of killing another human being is rather incomprehensible to someone who has never been at war. It is something so abstract for us that the only way for us to understand is to be there physically and mentally and no cinematic movie will ever truly capture those feelings. Unfortunately during Hemingway’s era PTSD was something that wasn’t discussed or even treated.The society and culture at the time was very much removed from the realities of what war was really like. It wasn’t broadcasted over the internet, and people were not exposed to explicit documentaries that showed all the horrors that happen to people. I personally believe Hemingway, who also served briefly in World War I, could relate a lot to Krebs and his environment. It is something that could have been a way for him to cope with his own personal demons while trying to make the readers understand the feelings of apathy, emptiness and the state of mind of soldier upon his return home.

My Biggest Motivator Essay

Motivate can mean to impel or move to action. In my eyes my mom was just that. My mom worked very hard to instill values and morals in me. She also was a very independent and strong individual. Her story not only motivates me, but also inspires many others in my family. My mom instilled moral and values in me that will last a life time. She made sure we knew the difference in right and wrong at a young age. My sisters and I always knew that not only god was watching us but also she had her eye on us all the time. She always took pride in making sure each and every one of us respected ourselves as well as others. She made sure that we all would grow up a bright young lady’s, by instilling morals. Being a young lady requires one to defiantly have morals. My mother expected us to behave and follow rules at all times, even when we were frustrated at an individual, because we knew it was not tolerated. My mom is a very independent person. My mom raised 7 girls on her own, by staying true to herself and learning from her mistakes, even when times got tough she fought through. My mom worked hard her entire life. I remember times when she would walk to work and sleep on the couch so we had a good night’s rest. There were also times when my mom really struggled but she never asked for aid from a family member or government agency. I can remember my mom always taking care of her children and never giving up. My mom is a very strong person like superwomen. There were times in her life that the average person would have given up. She has given up her health for us, by putting her children first. Some of her health problems would have not been survived by the average person. She was a single mom on a factory salary by being very intelligent women. Being a motivator is never easy. My mom really made it look that way. My mom always made the best of every situation and took pride in raising her children. As I get older I strive to be half the mom she was by instilling values and morals and always being independent and strong.

Different Paradigms for Analysing Organisation

Organisations that are increasingly becoming flatter owing to the growing popularity and importance of team work for effectiveness in performance and high performance goals to obtain competencies so as to meet challenges in the business environment. With the growth in complexity in the internal and external business environment, organisational structural changes have become highly complex as well. When it comes to analyzing organisations several complex issues and areas prevent an easy analysis to take place. Such complexities emerge from the multi—agent nature of the organisational activities, where several personnel belonging to different departments come to interact cross-sectional to perform activities therein producing the scope for team work (Scott, 2001). However, organisations at present, despite of the growth in the use of team work and the, at times, essential use of team work, still use conventional hierarchical structures which is another source complexity. Organisations in the midst of managerial and commercial challenges face structural complexities (Amiguet, et al. , 2002). The paper attempts to produce the insight into how the organizations can be analysed upon different basis so as to generate the implications and scope for the effective use of teamwork in the organisations for each of the element and basis used in the analysis. The theories that emerge from social sciences indicate graphical representation of organisations and are often termed as ‘informal’ (Morgan, 1996; Mintzberg, 2001). They are used in analyzing organizations widely but they fail to provide a very detailed structural view of the organisation and create an abstract level evaluation. The detailed dynamics that are found to exist, especially in the modern organisations that are equally important for the use of team work in organisations are largely left out and failed to be evaluated using the social sciences framework (Dastani, et al. , 2004). However, the models hailing from their background of social sciences the importance of explicit modelling of agents and their underlying interactions and coordination within the organisational work flow and lines of authority is recognized immensely (Lomi and Larsen, 2001; Ferber, et al. , 2003). This is so because the environment that includes the performance stimulating and performance deviating forces and factors and the role of agents functioning within the rganisation at an inter-departmental level, influence greatly the effective use of team work in organisations and the effective performance in general (Dastani, et al. , 2004). There are basically 4 key sociological perspectives introduced by Burrel and Morgan (1979) upon which organizations can be modeled and analyzed that form the fundamental element of the paper followed by a thorough discussion upon the key implications for the use of teamwork and how teamwork prevails under the operational system in the organisations base d on the modeling of organisations framed using the analysis. The framework created by Burrel and Morgan (1979), which is the prime focus of the paper, provides different ways of thinking based on both extreme points in theory of society: regulation – importance and effectiveness of order and consensus in the society; And Radical Change – significance of conflict and transformations in development, the importance of creating mobility. These paradigms are also assessed by the subjectivist and objectivist approach. Principles And Paradigms For Analysis Of Organisations The way that organisations are structured makes significant impact to the overall efficiency and effectiveness in performance targets of those organisations as the inter-departmental links and coordinates and the communication channels within the organisation, determines to a great extent the efficiency in the work flow and the execution of the several underlying business processes. As the organisations maintained significant structural changes in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, organizational networks of task-focused teams was created for leading to flatter organizational structure. Teamwork emerged as facilitators in achieving positive, cost-effective satisfaction and staff retention (Grif?n et al. 2001, Heywood & Jirjahn 2004 quoted in Xyrichisa & Reame; 2008). Modern organisations are seldom following well rounded use of technologically and mechanically operating systems in the work processes as dynamic and matrix systems hat combine the several process and departmental groups together for the execution of projects that break the traditional lines of authority and spans of control. Such modern organisations are termed as â€Å"non-linear† in their behavior and present complexity in analysis (Scott, 2001). Different paradigms provide range of different ways of understanding teams and efficiency of teamwork within an organisation such as, importance of stimulating the support and commitment of employees to team working and organizational objectives by providing them more autonomy, and unity in the workplace, creating opportunity and ‘desire for a more enriched work experience’. Knights and McCabe 2003) or defining team working as a tool or technology that makes individuals simply subjects that guarantee their sense of meaning and importance of working as a team. Currently, teamwork have become as a prominent specification of a broader management fashion â€Å"in the direction of decentralised, flexible networks† that allegedly promote â€Å"a culture of expression and involvement† (Reed, 1992: 227, 229; quoted in Ezzamel and Will mott 1998), claiming it to be â€Å"currently the most popular form of organizational restructuring† (Barker and Tompkins, 1994: 224; quoted in Ezzamel and Willmott 1998). Mueller (1994: 386) describes teamwork as a work coordination that provides â€Å"re-align individual motivation with organizational rationality†. Evaluating the beliefs in managerialist perspective, the dominant assumption about the teams is that, they are ‘’instruments for redesigning the job’’ through increasing commitment, that do not consider individual preferences, personalities, and behaviours. (Partington and Harris, 1999) Mainstream – Functionalist approach directly focuses on the importance of teams. In this perspective team work is assessed as one of the essential elements of creating efficient organisation. ‘’No distinction is made between the use of mechanisms of organization to coordinate complex divisions of labor and their use to control and legitimize structured social inequalities of wealth and status. ’’ (Ezzamel and Willmott, 1998) The management literature has been found a lot of assumptions and analysis about the teams and team work in organisation as being a source of motivation for employees and job satisfaction, therefore increased performance. Furthermore, it provides opportunities for employees in terms of learning and skill acquisition, as well as information sharing, which may be particularly important in conditions of growing economic uncertainty (Wagner et al. 1997; Wall et al. 2002; Vaskova 2007; quoted in SKOPE research paper 2009). Between the economic objectives of designing teamwork in organisations can be stated the incorporation of the management responsibility with the teamwork and removing the demarcation. Project teams get together number of employees rom completely different divisions and hierarchical levels of organisation for the particular objective. Increased job satisfaction, increased motivation between the employees, understanding around the meaningful work and its positive influence to the job performance are considered to be social or business objectives of the teamwork. Cultural objectives of teamwork refer to the rhetoric around understanding if the teams based on norms and values in organisation s, ‘’we’’ feeling – corporate vision, mission statement and the like. There is great attention to the increasing efficiency and importance of team work in the literature and many authors have undertaken several pieces of researches that aimed to identify the major elements of effective team in organisations. The efficiency of team working in different cultural and organizational settings, operations and achieving the objectives depends on a number of various factors, such as, specifications of task, group composition, organisational context and other contingencies. The advantages of teamwork are often represented to a greater extent as an empowerment for employees, as teams provides them a degree of supervisory and managerial responsibility for the organization of their work facilitated through â€Å"individual responsibility and team accountability† (Tjosvold, 1991: 35; quoted in Ezzamel and Willmott 1998) Contrary to the authors of functionalist accounts, some fundamental researches on the literature suggest that use of teamwork is merely is a modern continuation of the rationale of Taylorism. Dohse et al. 1985; Berggren 1992; Thompson and McHugh 1995; Vidal 2007) In humanistic perspective ideology of teamwork is gives an emphasis on autonomy of the employees in the work and the responsibility. ‘’ †¦ that the incorporation of managerial responsibilities within team working will be welcomed by employees as an unconditional bene?t and that its refusal is irrational because it violates their essential human needs. â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Ezzamel and Willmott, 1998: 5) However, Knights and Knights and McCabe (2000) show that, team membership is not merely responsibility that brings autonomy, it also means pressure for the members in many cases. Different forms of team can be created by management directive. They can vary in terms of the outcomes that they are expected to achieve, the level of decision making responsibility as most of them have little autonomy for decision making, size of the teams, work cycle, degree of integration with other units and the like. One of the major problems with the assumptions about teams and teamwork is that, ‘’both advocates and critics of teams tend to present them as a ‘package’ in which task functions, value-orientations and capacity for self- governance are all mutually reinforcing’’ (Thompson and McHugh 2009) As it is emphasized by Thomson and Wallace (1996) teams can vary in the forms and sizes, as an implication of a range of factors and components in it.. Three dimensions of these factors can be identified for analysing the efficiency of teamwork. Multi – dimensional approach to the team working helps to identify and understand more clearly various types of managerial goals and configuration of their practices. These dimensions are related with the governance – in terms of devolve decision making, delegated powers, self – regulation. There are some researches in literature that states the importance of self- regulation in teamwork in terms of both in terms of increased productivity and employee welfare. High degree of control over the teams causes the discretion and prevents personal initiatives at work. Second dimension of the teamwork is concerned with the issues that related to normative motives – shared purpose within the teams, cultural cohesion and technical issues, in terms of flexibility, integration and the like. ‘’†¦ team working is a move away from the hierarchical command and control workplace, and the decisive means of empowering the employee [24, p. 30]. But most acknowledge that even in the more advanced initiatives, â€Å"there is seldom talk of democracy† [11, p. 25]. Expanded responsibilities and self-regulation, in whatever degree, is a functional requirement of the new production environments rather than a goal of participation and involvement. ‘’ (Thomson and Wallace; 1996) Knights and McCabe (2000) suggest critical approaches to the assumption on understanding and effectiveness of teamwork that is illustrated by mainstream perspective, criticizing autonomous team concept is not realized, it did not displaced the rigidity of bureaucratic system in organisations. Teamwork does not decrease the control over the employees, change in the direct control and managing through responsible autonomy does not mean less supervision, it cause a less visible but equally constraining form of normative control, that encourages employees to internalise managerial definitions of organisational goals (Grenier 1988; Barker 1993; Graham 1995; quoted in SKOPE research paper 2009). ‘’However, teams did not always have autonomy. In 83 per cent of the workplaces with team working, teams were given responsibility for specific products and services, and in 61 per cent they could jointly decide how work was done. However, in just 6 per cent they were allowed to appoint their own team leaders. ’’ (Kersley et al. , 2007; 17-18; quoted in Thompson and McHugh 2009) Furthermore, state that ideal model of teamwork is over simplistic and is assumed in isolation from very important contextual factors that in essence, shapes it. One of the most important points of the effectiveness of teamwork is about task discretion. Both perspectives have impressive range of evidences about the implications of task discretion to the employee motivation. Optimists suggest that, the task discretion is the sign of high employee commitment and high productivity. On the other hand, there are powerful criticisms about this approach, concerned that, the task discretion declines the autonomy of the employees at work and creates danger for their well-being. However, independent work groups, based on the concepts such as job enrichment and re-designing creates an opportunity for employees for decision making on operational issues and various levels of integrated organisational skills, and also more flexible working in more integrated divisions of labour.

Modern Mythology: Influence on the Society

Modern mythology is characterized as that by which are considered to be beings far from those who inhabit the earthly component of what seemed to be typical in the view of humankind.   The influence of myths in the standpoints and views of individuals had been one of the initial bases of our ancestors’ beliefs which are in a way creating a whole new dimension of their respective approaches in daily living (Bell, 1997).The broad landscape of myths had been sought to be traditionally passed on until the contemporary society of today, and as to how recent studies have stressed, the level of influence triggering the rationality of the masses had already been declining in some sort.   Such argument raised on why myths, which used to be the towering implication of human rationality had increasingly changed and depleted had been answered in the arena of sociological innovative as well as with the transformational changes in human beings sagacity of liberalism.Catastrophic EventHo wever, on the contrary of the proposition, one myth which I found to have been helpful, although factual data seem to mesmerize my stand is the Myth of the Gift of the Goddess, which caters an array of goddess-lined embodiment and correlating the goddess of fertility as that which conveys the essentiality of humanistic needs such as ‘sex’ and all the other forms of intimate relationships (Te Paske, 1982).Suppressing the realm of mythical, religious and cultural arena has been established to be that which serves as a symbol of the skills and capabilities of woman in performing its duties coherent with certain models, or what traditionalism presumed to be the representations of the kind of person any woman in the contemporary society incorporates.Freudian DoctrinesIn further illustration of the matter, shifting the scenario to Freudian doctrines, related with one of the mythical goddesses is Artemis, who is defined as the goddess who enjoys the gift of life and fertility or childbirth.   She is also known as the goddess of wilderness, thus given with such fact, it may be taken to assumption that women are capable of extracting and involving in ‘intimate’ relationships and thus have beliefs which are taken consideration initially before they are to dwell upon it (Te Paske, 1982).Sexual SolipcismFreud’s belief in the art of ‘sexual solipcism’ which never fails to mystify the society of today, is a proof that the level of rationality of human beings today, compared to that of the past decades had evolved in a rather more open echelon on ‘openness’ (Bell, 1997).   Freud established this so-called numerological fantasy connected to menstrual cycle of the female species by which on the hard line feminist critique of psychoanalysis is conceived as the predictable reaction to numerous psychologically based primacy of the internal organ of the male (Bell, 1997) and in the larger and rather explicit scale of s uch portrays the fact that all men are rapists and oppressors and women are the victims pious in their innocence (Te Paske, 1982).   The issue is deliberatively raised on the worst and animus shadow of the whole gist of what seemed to be a fact among the perception on men, thus creating a dim image of the men’s purity in mind and deed (Te Paske, 1982).Life Changing EventPerceivably, the only problem established by myths is its capability to change gradually the behavior and the personality of an individual who was able to acquire it.   21st  Century analogy and basis blatantly argues that myths create a negative impact on the society and thus must be given focus on to by behavioral analysts so as to fully eradicate the perception that myths are effectual ‘guiding stars’ (Wolin, 1995) and must be followed and given consideration on to by an individual.Numerous interpretations in the arena of mythological succession had been crucially studied and determined b y socio-political analysts.   With the objective to save the victims of false beliefs, they emerged in a form of research which indulges in transcendence and immanence to take a claim of the juxtaposition of modern and traditional conviction.Power of MythThe power of myth, according to mythologist Joseph Campbell and world renowned journalist Bill Moyers, myth is a sociological and at the same time a behavioral dynamic of individuality whereas enthusiasm of such somehow serve as a steer in decision making.   However, in his documentary show, he also stressed the negative effects of myths which denotes that the fallacious beliefs, taken from the word ‘fallacy’ itself is in a ratio of 10:90 adequate in helping people know and understand their inner self (Nicholson, 1999).Abandoning Mythological SkepticismMoreover, the argument on myths had been prudently expounded the EM Risse, in his article, Shape the Future.   In his article, he contended that the problem of the society on why development is dawdling in motion is because of the citizen’s counterfeit confidence on traditional notions.   Advising the community to jump out of the skin of life’s conventionalities and start exploring the rather challenging schemes of the highly regarded components of human settlement patterns (Bell, 1997).RelicWhat I have cited as an instance where the myth had been believed to be true to fact, is the dispute of a suspect in a rape case, wherein the bark of defenses of the offender laid a table of mythological explanations, which of course, had not been accepted by the court.   A perfect representation and actuality that modern world justice system and form of regulation on justifications of individuals are well studied and are not in point of fact based on that which is falling on the stream of false beliefs and other traditional saga eaten by criminals to escape from the bars of justice.The mere fact that there were still individuals who beli eve in the power of myth, it had been cited that the aforementioned kind take the risk of following the potent nature of myths and thus believe that their salvation or their scheme in life is already written in a book and thus cannot be changed (Nicholson, 1999).Reality versus IdealismFurthermore, I would barely like to support the argument on such statement.   Basing the idea on ‘reality’ versus ‘idealism’ will unfold the life living in myths as well as the twists and turns one may divulge in it (Wolin, 1995).Perhaps it may not be as sufficient as that if the scientific explanations rendered by critical research and studies, but for people who were not able to experience the privilege of knowledge and of literacy do not have any other outlet and sense of support to dwell on. Rather, what myths tend to offer already gives air to their living and thus making the people able to perform what is expected by the community or the culture that they inhabit, rega rdless the quintessence of universality or societal acceptance.ConclusionIn the light, what used to be the ‘bible’ of the medieval individuals’ daily basis has transformed in a rather conceptual and modernized state that such myths instilled by our forefathers had been locked in the jar of the times of yore.   The advent of mythological representations was noted to be either that of which is invented, or which had freely flown into place due to gossip (Bell, 1997; Wolin, 1995).   For the reason that humans are prone to interacting with the like is quite inevitable to take to assumption that the sufficiency and factuality of myths are deliberately hanging thoughts or perspectives.Every person has a certain point of enthusiasm in mythology in them (Wolin, 1995).   It may not be as obvious as one may seem to show the society or the people he or she is involved to, but the inevitability of the ‘vain thoughts’ within oneself is already a subconsciou s mythical ocean (Bell, 1997).   If one tends to believe that death will take him tomorrow, or that one will see his ‘loved one’ after an hour because a red Volkswagen passed by, those are already proofs that the existence of myth and its influence to people has not yet abandoned the modern limelight.   In conclusion, the never ending debates on how true or how sufficient myths are in explaining the phenomena occurring in this earthly place shall always be a part of every human’s query in life.   How people think and act today, may be a manifestation of what one has been before; and how they are today may affect the myth of their future (Nicholson, 1999).ReferencesBell, M. (1997). Literature, Modernism and Myth: Belief and Responsibility in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Great Britain: New York Cambridge University Press.Nicholson, P. Y. (1999). Who Do We Think We Are?: Race and Nation in the Modern World. Armonk: N.Y. ME Sharpe, Inc.Te Paske, B. A. (198 2). Rape and Ritual: A Psychological Study. Toronto: Canada Inner City BooksWolin, R. (1995). Labyrinths: Explorations in the Critical History of Ideas. Amherst: Mass. University of Massachusetts Press.

Difference Between Nurse Leaders and Nurse Managers Essay

Difference Between Nurse Leaders and Nurse Managers - Essay Example Nursing managers remain responsible for chairing of organizational meetings and determining the organizational projects, nursing leaders on their part work to determine the particular participation of unit nurses in particular organizational projects. Based on such a perspective, it is possible a nursing manager also becomes a nursing leader at the same time. As such, a clinical manager would as well step in to work as an in charge nurse and perform the necessary roles associated with a nursing leader such as the application of fairness in dealings with people. In most instances, nursing leaders lack management position but still perform to the satisfaction of the concerned parties in a similar manner of a nursing manager. Such roles include assigning of nurses on different roles and responsibilities depending on an individual’s ability to complete such tasks. On a similar perspective, it is possible that a nursing manager becomes a leader. As such, the nursing leaders would be in a position to influence control over other nurses such as giving them directions (Finkelman, 2012). Additionally, a nursing leader must not be in a management position in order to perform effectively. Generally, all nurses need to be leaders by default, with appropriate qualities of effective performance.

Literary Criticism on The Star by H.G. Wells Research Paper

Literary Criticism on The Star by H.G. Wells - Research Paper Example They made a mysterious and previously inaccessible world of space friendly and interesting for everyone. They gave people the stars and heavenly heights. The two greatest world fantasy writers were H.G. Wells and Arthur C. Clarke. Who was not absorbed in the childhood by their exciting novels and short stories? Both of them along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback, have been referred to as "The Fathers of Science Fiction". They have always been at the forefront of scientific thinking, they challenged the traditional and conservative views of many people who rejected the advanced and innovative research ideas and stubbornly followed old, outdated conceptions of the universe, the origin of man and the so-called â€Å"higher divine power.† In this work we will make at attempt to reflect the points of view of the both writers to the power of human thought, the role of science in the modern world, as well as the growing conflict between traditional religious beliefs and progressiv e scientific views. The objects of this essay are the novels â€Å"The Star† by H.G. Wells and â€Å"The Star† by Arthur C. Clarke. â€Å"The Star† by H.G. Wells is an apocalyptic short story written in 1897. ... A famous master mathematician publishes his calculations according to which â€Å"the star would either hit Earth or pass by at close proximity, which would lead to apocalyptic ecological consequences† (Wells). The terrible prognoses come true and soon the whole planet is overwhelmed with earthquakes, ice-melting, floods, tsunamis causing â€Å"the devastation across the world. Most of human population perishes, and its works remain unusable, cities, cathedrals, farms, etc. and when it seems that nothing can save the humanity the killing star suddenly slightly changes its orbit about the Earth to a more distant one† (Wells). According to Martian astronomers the Earth’s survival was a real miracle â€Å"despite the huge havoc that has been brought upon its surface† (Wells). The star did much hard to the planet and the humanity: Extensive areas of Greenland lost its ice cover and turned green and favorable for inhabiting, the Earth’s climate has great ly changed and now people have to settle close to poles where it is much warmer than in other regions. The author underlines that these significant and terrible changes which caused millions of deaths all around the world, were just a small and minor event for the Universe where thousands of planets and stars perish every day â€Å"Which only shows how small the vastest of human catastrophes may seem, at a distance of a few million miles†(Wells). Another strong idea placed in the center of this story is non-divine nature of the universe in general and our planet in particular. The author vividly shows that all the events occurring in the world whether it is death of a civilization or some minor accidents can be scientifically grounded and